A Dynamic Modelling Framework For Power System Restoration With Battery Energy Storage Systems

Network restoration following a widespread blackout is becoming increasingly challenging due to two major trends: the retirement of synchronous generators (SG), which reduces inertia and system strength in the restored island, the increasing penetration of distributed energy resources (DER), and the associated minimum operational demand conditions. These challenges are particularly acute during mid-day restoration attempts under minimum operational demand conditions. This paper first highlights the main steps of a typical top-down power system restoration, while pointing out the challenges caused by increased DER penetration. The minimum modelling requirements to simulate each step of the network restoration is then outlined, followed by the proposed dynamic modelling framework to simulate such a process. The framework incorporates the use of battery energy storage systems (BESS), to mitigate some of the technical challenges, capturing its dynamic behavior and technical limitations during system restoration. Electromagnetic transient (EMT) simulations are used to evaluate the efficacy of the proposed restoration framework and, in particular, to examine the role of BESS in supporting system restoration. Results show that the integration of BESS, when strategically located along the restoration path, can provide significant dynamic support to the restoration of future power systems with reduced number of SGs and high shares of DER, provided its technical limitations are carefully considered.