Fpaa-Based New Generation Cyber-Attack Resilient Static Frequency Relay

Digital protective relays are the primary protection in most power systems applications and now interface with cyber layers in modern grids, improving observability and control. However, this integration also introduces cybersecurity risks, as digital relays are digital computers, vulnerable to cyberattacks and malicious code. A compromised frequency relay can cause false tripping of generators, transformers, or undesired load shedding, potentially leading to blackouts. This paper presents the development of FPAA-based next-generation static frequency relays (over/under frequency and ROCOF) that are inherently resilient to cyber-attacks. The proposed relay operates in parallel with existing digital frequency relays, enhancing the cybersecurity of current protection systems. It is modelled for the Western Interconnection, compliant with NERC PRC-024-3 standards, and tested under multiple scenarios. Hardware testing is performed using the AN231K04-QUAD FPAA board. Results confirm the relay’s dependability and selectivity, supporting its potential to improve the cyber-resilience of existing frequency protection schemes.