Reducing Hardware Requirements For Ai-Based High-Impedance Ground Fault Detection

Synchronized phasor measurements have emerged as a crucial element in the design of modern System Integrity Protection Schemes (SIPSs). However, the design of these schemes often overlooks the intrinsic measurement inaccuracies introduced by the complete instrumentation channels (ICs), specifically the inaccuracies originating from voltage and current transformers, control cables, equipment burden, and the synchrophasor estimation process. This paper proposes an optimization-based approach to determine the lower and upper bounds for active power calculated using synchronized voltage and current measurements, supporting consistent parameterization of synchrophasor-based protection strategies. Numerical results are generated using a synthetic data parameterized by the IC characteristics of a pilot Wide-Area Monitoring, Protection, and Control (WAMPAC) design in Brazil, providing quantitative guidance for establishing reliable SIPS arming parametrization.