Promises and Challenges of Grid Forming: Transmission System Operator, Manufacturer and Academic View Points

With the increasing penetration of power electronic converters in the power system induced by the energy transi- tion, Grid Forming (GFM) technology emerges as crucial for complementing traditional synchronous generators in fulfilling system needs. All over the world, TSOs have started introducing performance-based requirements to define the desired behaviour of GFM units without prescribing specific technical solutions. Based on these specifications, manufacturers design there grid- connected equipment. However, depending on requirements, chal- lenges may arise in optimizing control strategies without hard- ware modifications, potentially becoming cost-driving factors. Intellectual property protection limits information disclosure, restricting the guidance available to TSOs during cost-benefit assessments. Academic contributions on GFM control and generic models can bridge the gap, providing a fair portrayal of the general behaviour and then facilitates an open discussion on their ability to meet the requirements and contribute to fulfil system needs. This survey paper provides a comprehensive overview of the perspectives offered by these diverse stakeholders.