Improved Algebraic Inverter Modelling for Four-Wire Power Flow Optimization

This paper discusses the modeling of inverters used in distributed energy resources in steady state. Modeling the interaction between distribution grids and inverter-based resources is crucial to understand the consequences for the network’s operational and planning processes. This work highlights the limitations of existing models and emphasizes the need for better representations of inverters and their control laws in decisionmaking contexts. Improved steady-state grid-following and gridforming inverter models are presented, including both three-leg and four-leg converter variants. Advantages of these improved models in optimization contexts are showcased by investigating power quality improvement capabilities of the inverters. Numerical studies integrating the proposed inverter models in a fourwire unbalanced optimal power flow engine are presented, and trade-offs between modeling detail and computational intensity are illustrated.